What Is BlueTEC Clean Diesel Technology

BlueTEC is a trademark name used by Mercedes-Benz to describe its diesel engine exhaust treatment system. In order to keep up with the steadily evolving and increasingly demanding emissions laws of North America and Europe, the company has designed and released two versions of this system. Version one was released for the U.S. market in the form of the 2007 E320 BlueTEC sedan and was designed to utilize, the then newly introduced, Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD). As a next step, Mercedes-Benz released the more sophisticated R, ML and GL 320 series BlueTECs with AdBlue injection diesels that meet Americas demanding BIN 5 emissions standards and are on track to qualify for Europes EU6 parameters. BlueTEC and BlueTEC With AdBlue The Mercedes-Benz BlueTEC system begins at the engines combustion chamber with improved fuel burn characteristics that enhance efficiency, as well as minimize unburned fuel particles that would ordinarily have to be treated downstream. The BlueTEC engine architecture is built on CRD technology. While both systems use an oxidation catalyst (OxyCat) and a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) to banish unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulates (soot), they differ in how they treat oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Bluetec With Storage-Type Catalytic Reduction This system uses a storage-type NOx catalytic converter to control oxides of nitrogen. With this design, NOx gasses produced under normal operation are trapped and temporarily held in the converter. At prescribed intervals, under the direction of the onboard computer, the fuel system delivers intermittent rich combustion phases. The entrained excess hydrocarbons from this dense mixture recombine with the trapped oxides of nitrogen inside the hot housing and break-up the NOx molecules. The resulting clean nitrogen gasses and water vapor are purged, leaving behind a clean converter with regenerated catalysts that are ready to accept the next wave of nitrogen oxides. Bluetec With AdBlue Injection Mercedes-Benz designed this process for their larger and heavier line of SUVs and their R-series crossover, following the logic that these vehicles already have a higher rate of fuel consumption and that they would be more economical using a system that does not rely on frequent fuel-consuming rich mixture events for NOx abatement. While the storage-type system does allow Mercedes to use a more-or-less out-of-the-box CRD engine, this Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) arrangement did require some changes to the engine design. Among those modifications: revised piston crowns for better fuel distribution and atomization, slightly reduced compression ratio and a more adaptive Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) to a give smoother and flatter torque curve. Whereas the storage device uses excess shots of rich fuel mixture to burn-off accumulated nitrogen oxides, this injection process relies on chemical conversion via a reaction between the AdBlue urea solution and the accumulated NOx molecules within the SCR converter. When AdBlue is injected into the hot exhaust steam, it is reduced to water and urea. At a temperature of about 400 degrees Fahrenheit (170 Celsius), the urea reforms into ammonia (NH3) which then reacts with NOx gasses in the converter to produce benign nitrogen gas and water vapor. AdBlue Injection It’s really a question of economics and practicality. Which of the two systems is applied to any particular vehicle depends primarily on the vehicles intended use: Heavy, high fuel consumption SUVs that spend a good deal of time under load are best served by AdBlue injection. On the other hand, smaller fuel-efficient passenger cars that are, by and large, passenger moving cruisers, make optimal use of the NOx storage converter. Either way, the result with the Mercedes-Benz BlueTEC system is a considerable reduction in soot and pollutants.

How Analytics Helps An Organization Optimize Their...

Introduction Analytics is defined, according to online-behavior.com, as the â€Å"process of obtaining an optimal or realistic decision based on existing data.† [1]. Davenport and Harris (2007), defined analytics, as the â€Å"extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions.† [2]. An article titled Outsmart the Competition by Jackie Zack in Teradata Online magazine states that â€Å"analytics can help an organization optimize their business processes to make them effective as possible.† [3]. It is a proven fact that proper use of analytics can lead an organizations to success, providing them with that distinctive advantage over their competitors. In†¦show more content†¦In Jamaica, its headquarters, Digicel controls 70 percent of the mobile phone market and hopes to actively dominate the cable TV and internet broad band market. The secret behind Digicel’s success is that it has a devoted business intelligence and analytics group and a marketing department responsible for analyzing critical consumer data gathered from market surveys and market research. Digicel’s success can be attributed to the fact that the company is able to determine customers touch points by knowing exactly what customers want or desire from a mobile phone provider. The use of analytic tools have helped Digicel achieve this position, which is having the ability to predict and know what customers want and anticipate their next purchase moves. For example, Digicel has just branched into the cable TV and internet broad band market. The reason for this diversification is as a result of extensive market analysis of the cable TV and internet broad band market which currently has only one major player (Flow Cable Company) with a poor customer satisfaction rate. Digicel was able to capitalize on this opportunity because of the data gathered from customers that sho wed that they desired better cable and internet broad band service. The company has applied the use of analytics and quantitative approaches in areas such as primary consumer surveys, concept development testing, advertising testing,

Geopolitics and Geostrategic Implications on Power Shift

Question: Describe about the Geopolitics And Geostrategic Implications On Power Shift. Answer: Geopolitics and Geostrategic Implications on Power Shift The concept of geopolitics aligns with the geopolitical theory established by Karl Haushofer which presented the idea that nations require expansion to fulfill their destiny or objectives. In this, the theory postulated that the future growth of different countries lies in their ability to expand both in power and resources. The concept has been applied by various countries after the WW II through the invasion of new territories beyond their geographical imperatives such as Germany. Countries such as the US has also acquired immense power by recognizing the importance of different resources such as oil to modern economies promoting their current superpower position. Some of the countries expansion strategies have been established in the content of geostrategic thoughts and practices to enhance the continued power of the countries. The United States has a for a long time dominated the world in various aspects such as the economy, power involving air and sea. However, the current trend s demonstrate the rise of China and India as the great powers both on sea and air posing a threat to the continued progress of the superpowers. Geopolitical theories can further be applied to understand the global shift of power to China and India which has significant geostrategic implications. Geopolitical Theories According to Fettweis, traditionally, geopolitics is described as the study of "the influence of geographical factors on political action[1]." However, the definition has evolved over the years and also tends to be synonymous with regional problem or resources such as oil and energy thus influencing other countries actions. Different theorists such as Colin Gray, Mahan and Mackinder place geography in the center of international relations to decipher the key external aspects that drive a countries actions[2]. Geopolitics approaches have for a long time been used to describe and establish issues associated with geopolitical idea across a wide range of cultural objects. Additionally, the methods have also been applied to describe country formations with geographical connotations and conceptual agendas such as power. According to Fettweis, Mackinder's "Heartland Theory" is one of the key geopolitical theories that promotes understanding of the continued world dominance[3]. Mackinder's t heory examined the advantages of central positioning on Eurasians landmass which also shapes understanding of the US containment policy during the cold war[4]. According to the theory, countries scrambled for what they considered as key to their continued dominance or power thus shaping the international system. Mackinder's theory is still central to different policies established by countries such as China, India, and the US regarding their foreign interests[5]. Halford Mackinder's Heartland theory viewed the world conflicts as involving constant conflict between land and sea powers in attempts to increase the countries advantage over their regional adversaries[6]. According to Mackinder, countries who ruled the heartland would have the higher possibility of commanding the entire world since they had the ability to project power anywhere faster than the sea forces[7]. The theory can; therefore, be applied to understand how countries have expanded externally in the bid to ensure the balance of power works in their favor promoting the idea the power politics marks the current competition over territories and control. Geopolitics theorists consider geopolitics as a strategy and a realist approach to international relations in which countries have drawn in constructing their continued power and progress. The second theory applicable in understanding geopolitics includes Mahan's theory which was based on focusing on commerce to promote the American economic vitality through control of the critical geographical node[8]. Mahan's theory supported the idea that overseas bases were essential in supporting trade and also posited the need to command the sea and air to enhance the expansion. The approach also inspired the U.S dominance and expansion into Asia in the 1890s. Mahan's theory postulated that the control of key points on the map was indispensable to sea power providing an understanding of different countries undertaking such as China and India. Like Mackinder's arguments, the implications of Mahan's ideas has been far reaching enabling countries to establish strategic positions to enhance their power or dominance on Eurasian landmass, sea, and air[9]. The theory of Mahan identified sea power as the key to national power and prosperity as well as international expansion. According t o the theory, Mahan had the premise that the countries control over key trading routes that involved oceans was a fundamental factor in any country's power or achievement of greatness[10]. Mahan provided the idea that sea power was essential to international power, a view that has significantly influenced states towards establishing foreign policies and strategies to enhance their sea power. The U.S exhibits key aspects provided by Mahan's theory due to their desire to improve their sea power and maintain the superpower position. Mahan's views on sea power have inspired the rise in maritime and air power in China and India representing a global shift in the authority from the US and the Soviet Union initially described as the only superpowers. Countries such as China are aligning their foreign policies and naval strategies towards achieving influence and prosperity in the sea and air, an essential aspect identified by Mahan's theory. In similar views with Mackinder's focus on the heartland, the ideas continue to influence policymakers across the global particularly China and India due to their desire to control the world. Fettweis notes that the implications of the theories have been far reaching as countries seek control of vital interest to reduce the chances of any power or country dominating them[11]. Karl Haushofer theory is also listed among the geopolitical theories that had a profound impact on foreign policy Hitler's foreign policy. Haushofer's theory echoes Mackinder's theory of the heartland. It provided the notion that countries required more expansion to enhance their power and future growth. The method assumes that geopolitical changes involve significant challenges as countries do not automatically adjust to geopolitical changes. Haushofer provided the example of Germans rise to power as well as the competition between the US and the Soviet Union as each control sought to expand their size as well as strength[12]. Theorists such as Mahan and Mackinder are key proponents of geopolitics and advocates for sea power as the aspect which promotes the countries national power and prosperity. For example, Mahan's ideas have influenced China's continued progress in air and sea power due to the belief that the air and sea are keys to the international power as well as prosperity. Similarly, India has also progressed based on the influence of Mahan's ideas to expand their sea power as well as exert influence over the world. In his views, Mahan pointed out that attaining sea superiority depended on the geographical position of the country, the extent of the territory, population size, physical power as well as the national character. The aspect has significantly shaped the policies and strategies established by China and India to expand their global power. Not only are the theories effective in influencing geopolitics sea power but have also inspired air power through improved militaries based on dominant maritime forces. Today, India and China are ranked among the most progressed regarding naval and air power based on their military might[13]. Other air and power theorists such as Giulio Douhet have exerted significant influence in the countries development in both maritime and air power as well as their desire to control or be powerful compared to other nations. Douhet's theories shaped both American and British air power demonstrating the influence of the principles of national policies, military strategy and geopolitics. In his book, The Command of the Air, Douhet described the vision of air power as a critical and decisive aspect in warfare[14]. In this regard, Douhet has always argued for the air and sea power as the key to geopolitics. During the second world war, the US and British adopted the approach increasing mass-bombings, reducing other countries capabilities and ability to produce weapons. As such, the US has remained in the top position due to applying both the air and sea power approaches as influenced by the theories identified above[15]. Geostrategic Implication of Global Shift of power to China and India The sustained international supremacy of the US has created the rise of different states in the bid to end the power by expanding their economies and international order. For a long time, no nation or state has been able to match the dimensions of authority held by the US such as military, technological, economy and cultural. Hence, the US has held the top position in global leadership. However, with the rise of geopolitics ideas the supremacy of the US stands at risks as countries establish geostrategic position aimed at shifting the long held power from the US. In this regard, geopolitics theories have played a key role in shaping the national policies, desires, and strategies of China and India through improving their sea and air power to achieve the top position. This represents a shift of power from the US to the rising nations and serves as a critical threat to the continued progress and supremacy of the US. In his article, Mark, identified space or air power as critical to rea lizing the leadership and military power of the US[16]. In this regard, the country has for a long time invested in expanding their space power as a strategic aspect to demonstrate the military capability. Lambeth also agrees with the idea of air and space power as the key elements that characterized the US[17]. Air and space power was considered critical in deterring nuclear weapons, supporting the ground operations as well as produce strategic results independently of the land forces during the war. The air force deemed U.S as influential in both tactical and policy aspects are enhancing its ability to advance its expansion objectives further. However, Dolman, asserts that rise of geopolitics and its reach in the realms of power have influenced countries towards establishing critical strategies to achieve geographical positioning necessary to exert control over the world[18]. "Geostrategic" represents one key focus by countries such as China and India that involves the strategic application of new and emerging technologies of positional knowledge, topographic and geographic knowledge. Geostrategic; therefore, has influenced the rise in air and sea power of the two countries beyond positions of the US representing a sudden shift in the authority (Holmes Yoshihara, 2005). However, much of the strategies taken by the two countries have been shaped by ideas from geopolitics such as Mahan argument on air and seas power as the key to creating necessary power. In this regard, China and India continue to scramble for resources to build its sea and air power against the US as seen in its naval progress. One of the geopolitical ide as that shapes China's strategies includes Mahan argument that "One can only guarantee smooth sea traffic and eventually gain seas domination by annihilating the enemy[19]." The case presents Mahan doctrine interpreted by India and China in similar versions that the "the one who controls the seas controls the world[20]." Likewise, India has joined China in breaking the long-standing supremacy of the western powers through improved sea and air for Mahanian offensive sea control. As China and India focus their resources on building their navy and sea power as well as seeking bases to protect trade and their projects, the US interest and power continue to drift towards the East. Both China and India agree with the geopolitics theorists that naval power is critical to their national greatness and prosperity. As such the US can only seek more alliance or invest more in ensuring the realization of their national interests and reduce power shift in the sea and air to maintain the superpower position. References Bassin, Mark." Civilizations and their Discontents: Political Geography and Geopolitics in the Huntington Thesis." Geopolitics, 12 (2007).351-374 Brzezinski, Zbigniew." The Grand Chessboard: US Geostrategy for Eurasia. Harvard International Review, 20:1 (1998).pg 48 Desch, Michael. " The Keys that Lock Up the World: Identifying American Interests in the Periphery." International Security, 14:1 (1989).pp.86-121 Dolman, Everett. "Geostrategy in the space age: An astropolitical analysis. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22:2-3 (1999), 83-1006. Dodds, Klaus Sidaway, James." Halford Mackinder and the 'geographical pivot of history': a centennial retrospective. The Geographical Journal, 170 (2004).pg 292 Fettweis, Christopher, J." Sir Halford Mackinder, geopolitics, and policymaking in the 21st century. Parameters; Summer, 30:2 (2000).pg 58 Grygiel, Jakub." The dilemmas of US Maritime Supremacy in the early cold war." Journal of Strategic Studies, 28:2(2005).pp 187-216 Harter, Mark." Ten propositions regarding space power: The dawn of a space force. Air Space Power Journal, 20:2 (2006). Holmes, James R. Yoshihara, Toshi. "The Influence of Mahan upon China's Maritime Strategy," Comparative Strategy, 24:1 (2005) 23-51, DOI: 10.1080/01495930590929663. Johnson, Robert. " Exaggerating America's Stakes in Third World Conflicts." International Security, 10:3 (1986). Kearns, Gerry. "Naturalising Empire: Echoes of Mackinder for the Next American Century." Geopolitics, 11(2006):74-98. Lambeth, Benjamin."Air power, space power and geography. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22: 3 (1999).63-82. Megoran, Nick." Revisiting the 'Pivot': The Influence of Halford Mackinder on Analysis of Uzbekistan's International Relations." The Geographical Journal, 170:4 (2004). Sage, Daniel."Framing Space: A popular Geopolitics of American Manifest Destiny in Outer Space." Geopolitics, 13 (2008).27-53. [1] Christopher, Fettweis, J." Sir Halford Mackinder, geopolitics, and policymaking in the 21st century. Parameters; Summer, 30:2 (2000).pg 58 [2] James, Holmes R. Toshi, Yoshihara. "The Influence of Mahan upon China's Maritime Strategy," Comparative Strategy, 24:1 (2005) 23-51, DOI: 10.1080/01495930590929663. [3] Christopher, Fettweis, J." Sir Halford Mackinder, geopolitics, and policymaking in the 21st century. Parameters; Summer, 30:2 (2000).pg 58 [4] Klaus, Dodds, , James, Sidaway." Halford Mackinder and the 'geographical pivot of history': a centennial retrospective. The Geographical Journal, 170 (2004).pg 292 [5]Nick, Megoran." Revisiting the 'Pivot': The Influence of Halford Mackinder on Analysis of Uzbekistan's International Relations." The Geographical Journal, 170:4 (2004). [6] Gerry, Kearns,. "Naturalising Empire: Echoes of Mackinder for the Next American Century." Geopolitics, 11(2006):74-98. [7] Klaus, Dodds, , James, Sidaway." Halford Mackinder and the 'geographical pivot of history': a centennial retrospective. The Geographical Journal, 170 (2004).pg 292 [8] Mark, Bassin,." Civilizations and their Discontents: Political Geography and Geopolitics in the Huntington Thesis." Geopolitics, 12 (2007).351-374 [9] Klaus, Dodds, , James, Sidaway." Halford Mackinder and the 'geographical pivot of history': a centennial retrospective. The Geographical Journal, 170 (2004).pg 292 [10] Gerry, Kearns,. "Naturalising Empire: Echoes of Mackinder for the Next American Century." Geopolitics, 11(2006):74-98. [11] Christopher, Fettweis, J." Sir Halford Mackinder, geopolitics, and policymaking in the 21st century. Parameters; Summer, 30:2 (2000).pg 58 [12] Everett, Dolman,. "Geostrategy in the space age: An astropolitical analysis. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22:2-3 (1999), 83-1006. [13] Benjamin, Lambeth,."Air power, space power and geography. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22: 3 (1999).63-82. [14] Mark, Harter,." Ten propositions regarding space power: The dawn of a space force. Air Space Power Journal, 20:2 (2006). [15] Jakub Grygiel,." The dilemmas of US Maritime Supremacy in the early cold war." Journal of Strategic Studies, 28:2(2005).pp 187-216 [16] Mark, Harter,." Ten propositions regarding space power: The dawn of a space force. Air Space Power Journal, 20:2 (2006). [17] Benjamin, Lambeth,."Air power, space power and geography. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22: 3 (1999).63-82. [18] Everett, Dolman,. "Geostrategy in the space age: An astropolitical analysis. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22:2-3 (1999), 83-1006 [19] Michael, Desch,. " The Keys that Lock Up the World: Identifying American Interests in the Periphery." International Security, 14:1 (1989).pp.86-121 [20] James, Holmes R. Toshi, Yoshihara. "The Influence of Mahan upon China's Maritime Strategy," Comparative Strategy, 24:1 (2005) 23-51, DOI: 10.1080/01495930590929663

Business Academic Skills Essay Example

Business Academic Skills Essay Learning Outcomes: * Identify the referencing format for various genres of literature. * Compile a reference list for various genres of literature. * Summarise relevant data in a resource. * Identify and record the usefulness of resources for a given assessment task. Rationale: * Acknowledging sources is an important part of good written communication skills. At university, students who do not cite in-text or include the full bibliographical details will be investigated for academic misconduct.At work, employers are increasingly requiring staff to acknowledge resources so that they can refer to the original source and meet accreditation requirements for professional bodies. * Summarising data is another key element of good written communication skills. At university, students are required to summarise literature and case studies. At work, employers want employees to summarise documents and include executive summaries in reports. * Once students are able to identify what a resource is about they are then able to critically evaluate the more detailed information contained within.Required Reading: * Textbook, Chapter 6 Harvard documentation * Textbook, Chapter 7 Evaluating and paraphrasing resources - 1. Workshop Discussion 1: Annotated Reference Lists2 a. Annotated reference lists b. Referencing c. Summaries d. Brief annotations 2. Workshop Activity 1: Annotated Reference List11 a. Create an annotated reference list b. Mark the annotated reference list Workshop Discussion 1: Annotated Reference Lists Annotated reference listsAs with a normal reference list or bibliography, an annotated reference list is usually arranged alphabetically according to the author’s last name, however, the reference list for the Researching assessment task is organised by genre and the annotation should be about 60 words per citation. Each entry begins with the bibliographic details of the resource (the citation), followed by a brief annotation summarising the appropriate conten t and identifying relevant information, data and arguments and stating how it will be used to address the assessment question.Referencing Referencing within the context of academic writing performs two distinct purposes. Firstly, it provides an acknowledgement (the combination of an in-text citation within the body of the essay or report and an entry in the ‘References’ section of the essay or report) that the information source or work was used by the writer in creating their own piece of academic writing or work. Secondly, it allows another person who is reading this writer’s work to easily find this particular information source.With regard to the second purpose, although the formats of references change for different information sources, there are usually common features as well, such as: Author(s) surname(s) and initials Year that the work was published The title of the work The publisher or title of the publication These common features can be identified in the book example shown below: Title of book in minimal capitalisation Title of book in minimal capitalisation Place (city) of publication Place (city) of publication Year of publication Year of publication Publisher PublisherAuthors’ surnames and initials Authors’ surnames and initials Shearman, D amp; Sauer-Thompson, G 1997, Green or gone, Wakefield Press, Kent Town. Full stop at the end Full stop at the end Ampersand Ampersand Italics for book title Italics for book title Comma between elements except author and date Comma between elements except author and date These common features can also be identified in the journal article example shown below: Article title in minimal capitalisation and in single quotation marks Article title in minimal capitalisation and in single quotation marksYear of publication Year of publication Journal title in maximal capitalisation and italics Journal title in maximal capitalisation and italics Author’s surname and initials Au thor’s surname and initials Karlsson, AM 2009, ‘Positioned by reading and writing: literacy practices, roles, and genres in common occupations’, Written Communication, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 53-76, viewed 15 February 2011, SAGE Premier database, DOI 10. 1177/0741088308327445. Database OR database and DOI OR the url only Database OR database and DOI OR the url only Page numbers Page numbersVolume and issue number in lower case Volume and issue number in lower case Date you viewed the internet site Date you viewed the internet site Note: Comma between all the elements except the author and date and a full stop at the end. Note: Comma between all the elements except the author and date and a full stop at the end. Again, these common features can also be identified in the example of a chapter in an edited book shown below: Chapter title in minimal capitalisation and in single quotation marks Chapter title in minimal capitalisation and in single quotation marksYear of pu blication Year of publication Authors’ surname and initials Authors’ surname and initials Editor’s initial and surname followed by (ed. ) Editor’s initial and surname followed by (ed. ) Edition Edition Stanwick, P amp; Stanwick, S 2011, ‘The foundation of ethical thought’, in N Campbell (ed. ) Business academic skills, 4th edn, Pearson Australia, Sydney. Book title in minimal capitalisation and italics Book title in minimal capitalisation and italics Publisher Publisher Note: Comma between all the elements except the author and date and a full stop at the end.Note: Comma between all the elements except the author and date and a full stop at the end. Place (city) of publication Place (city) of publication References must be listed alphabetically by the first author’s surname under the Harvard UWS system of referencing. The reference list should not use numbers, letters or bullet points at the beginning of each entry. Summaries A summary is a short and concise representation of main points, ideas, concepts, facts or statements. When summarising you should not alter the authors original idea(s) or the degree of certainty with which the ideas are expressed.To write a good summary, you should read the text a number of times to develop a clear understanding of the authors ideas and intentions, the meaning and details and the force with which the ideas are expressed. To write a summary: 1. Write notes in point form using specialised words as this will make it easier to express the ideas in your own words. Specialised words is what the text is actually about and need to be included in your summary, as without these words, the meaning of the summary will change completely. 2.Write the summary directly from your notes without re-reading the passage. 3. Refer back to the original source to ensure that your summary is a true reflection of the writers ideas. When summarising a chapter or article, the introduction and conclusi on should provide a good overview of the content as well as the topic sentences which provide a quick outline of the main idea(s) presented in each paragraph. Brief annotations When writing a brief summary for an annotation, only the information relevant to the topic or assessment task should be included.That is, if the assessment task limits your investigation to the past ten years but your article covers a 50 year span, then your summary should focus on the past ten years. Identifying specific information relevant to the assessment task is also important. Therefore, refer back to your question analysis and mind map to create links between the summary information and how the data will be used to address the assessment. Note:Do not forget to record the bibliographical details (reference) and page number(s) so that you can refer back to the information at a later date. Example Annotated Reference ListJustify the importance of written communication skills in academia and employment in the twenty-first century. Genre – Wiki entry: never use in academia. Not assessed. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, no. 69 for correct Wiki reference and nos. 61-80 for correct internet references. Genre – Wiki entry: never use in academia. Not assessed. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, no. 69 for correct Wiki reference and nos. 61-80 for correct internet references. POOR EXAMPLE: This response has a plagiarised statement and would go through the academic misconduct process.If it had not been plagiarised it would have received a total mark of 12. 5/40 or 31%. Reference 1: Internet (Non-scholarly)| 1. Wikipedia 2011, ‘Literacy’, viewed 16 February 2011, ;lt;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Literacy;gt;. | Not assessed Not assessed Annotation 1: Summary| Gives a definition of literary. | Not assessed Not assessed Annotation 1: Use| | Genre – newspaper article Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6 nos. 46-51 for correct new spaper references. Genre – newspaper article Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6 nos. 46-51 for correct newspaper references. Reference 2: Newspaper Article (Non-scholarly)| . M Davis 1993, ‘Literacy survey links reading, employment’, Dayton Daily News, Factiva database, viewed 15 February 2011. | Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relevant Annotation 2: Summary| It talks about how much money you will get paid if you have good literacy skills. | Blank Blank Annotation 2: Use| | Genre – industry magazine Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, nos. 32-39 for correct magazine references. Genre – industry magazine Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, nos. 32-39 for correct magazine references. Reference 3: Trade / Industry Magazine (Non-scholarly)| 3.Klie, S (2006) Canadian HR Reporter, 6 November, pp. 1 ;amp; 5, viewed 14 February 2011, ABI/Inform database. | Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relev ant Annotation 3: Summary| This non-scholarly trade journal article talks about a survey done with 431 HR people. | Does not demonstrate how it will be used Does not demonstrate how it will be used Annotation 3: Use| Grammar and spelling is important for written communication skills. | Genre – book? Not enough info to determine if it is an industry website. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. no. 23 for correct book reference and no. 0 for correct edited book reference. Genre – book? Not enough info to determine if it is an industry website. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. no. 23 for correct book reference and no. 30 for correct edited book reference. Reference 4: Industry / Government Website (Scholarly)| 4. Browne, Ann. 2007 Teaching and learning communication, language and literacy| Not assessed Not assessed Annotation 4: Summary| Talks about how to develop literacy skills. | Not assessed Not assessed Annotation 4: Use| | Genre – journal artic le not a university or research centre. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, nos. 1, 62 ;amp; 67 for correct online document entry and nos. 32-39 for correct journal entries. Genre – journal article not a university or research centre. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, nos. 61, 62 ;amp; 67 for correct online document entry and nos. 32-39 for correct journal entries. Reference 5: University / Research Centre (Scholarly)| 5. Karlsson, AM 2009, ‘Positioned by reading and writing: literacy practices, roles, and genres in common occupations’, Written Communication, (26)1, 53-76,| Annotation 5: Summary| Plagiarised from abstract (academic misconduct) Plagiarised from abstract (academic misconduct)This scholarly site examines the role played by reading and writing in common non-academic occupations in Sweden and shows how written communication is important in any job not just hose that require a uni degree| Not assessed Not assessed Annotation 5: Use| The sales assesitant needs good written comuunication skills to do her job. | Genre – journal article not a scholarly magazine Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, no. 65 for correct magazine entry and nos. 32-39 for correct journal references. Genre – journal article not a scholarly magazine Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, no. 5 for correct magazine entry and nos. 32-39 for correct journal references. Reference 6: Scholarly Magazine (Quasi-scholarly)| 6. Wardrope WJ 2002, Business Communications Quarterly, volume. 65, number. 4, pp. 60-72, viewed 15 February 2011, Academic OneFile database. | Annotation 6: Summary| Not assessed Not assessed This article investigated the importance of business communication skills in the academic setting. | Not assessed Not assessed Annotation 6: Use| The assessment task examples will be used. | Genre – book? Not enough info to determine if it’s an edited book or not. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. , no. 23 for correct book reference and no. 30 for correct edited book reference. Genre – book? Not enough info to determine if it’s an edited book or not. Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap. 6, no. 23 for correct book reference and no. 30 for correct edited book reference. Reference 7: Chapter in an Edited Book (Scholarly)| 7. KJ HARTY 2008, Strategies for business and technical writing, 6th ed. | Annotation 7: Summary| Blank Blank | Blank Blank Annotation 7: Use| | Genre – journal article Poor Harvard UWS style – see Chap 6, nos. 32-39 for correct journal article entries. Genre – journal articlePoor Harvard UWS style – see Chap 6, nos. 32-39 for correct journal article entries. Reference 8: Journal Article (Scholarly)| 8. Ugbah, Steve D. Evuleocha, Stevina U. 1992. Journal of Employment Counseling, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 128-37,| Poor summary and not relevant Poor summary and not relevant Annotation 8: Summary| Interviewers wa nt applicants to be resourceful and have written credentials. | Not specific enough and does not demonstrate how it will be used. Not specific enough and does not demonstrate how it will be used. Annotation 8: Use| The example of the hiring process willbe used. The reference list is not in a single format, most are in an unknown referencing style with the required bibliographic details missing. The list is also numbered. The reference list is not in a single format, most are in an unknown referencing style with the required bibliographic details missing. The list is also numbered. GOOD EXAMPLE: This reference list would obtain a total mark of 24/40 or 60% Reference 1: Internet (Non-scholarly)| Genre – online video Harvard UWS style – missing title and viewed date. Genre – online video Harvard UWS style – missing title and viewed date.Wagner, T 2009, ‘m 7 Skills students need for their future’, video, 10 October, ;lt;http://www. youtube. com/w atch? v=NS2PqTTxFFc;amp;feature=related;gt;. | Annotation 1: Summary| Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relevant This video looked at oral and written communication as vital for a student’s to get a good job. | Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use Annotation 1: Use| The information on why good written communication skills leading to better jobs and higher wages will be used to support my argument. | Genre – newspaper articleHarvard UWS style – missing day and month of publication; database and viewed date in the wrong order. Genre – newspaper article Harvard UWS style – missing day and month of publication; database and viewed date in the wrong order. Reference 2: Newspaper Article (Non-scholarly)| Davis, M 1993, ‘Literacy survey links reading, employment’, Dayton Daily News, Factiva database, viewed 15 February 2011. | Annotation 2: Summary| Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary a nd relevant The information on getting money and better jobs, if you have really good literacy skills will be used. Annotation 2: Use| Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use The information on getting money and better jobs, if you have really good literacy skills will be used to support my argument. | Reference 3: Trade Journal / Industry Magazine (Non-scholarly)| Genre – industry journal Harvard UWS style – article title missing Genre – industry journal Harvard UWS style – article title missing Klie, S 2006, Canadian HR Reporter, 6 November, pp. 1 ;amp; 5, viewed 14 February 2011, ABI/Inform database. | Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relevant Annotation 3: Summary|This non-scholarly trade journal article talks about a survey done with 431 HR people. | Poor use – put in summary Poor use – put in summary Annotation 3: Use| The HR managers think that grammar and spelling should be emphasised in sc hools. | Reference 4: Industry / Government Website (Scholarly)| Genre – database not government website. Adequate Harvard UWS style Genre – database not government website. Adequate Harvard UWS style Carnevale, AP, Gainer, LJ ;amp; Meltzer, AS 1988, ‘Workplace Basics: The Skills Employers Want’, American Society for Training ;amp; Development and U. S.Department of Labor Employment ;amp; Training Administration, viewed 15 February 2011, ;lt;http://www. eric. ed. gov/PDFS/ED299462. pdf;gt;. | Annotation 4: Summary| Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relevant This scholarly government report examined from the employer’s perspective the necessary workplace skills that employees needed to succeed. | Annotation 4: Use| Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use The data on written communication leading to job placement and individual progression/advancement in employment will be used to support the question. |Refer ence 5: University / Research Centre (Scholarly)| Genre – university or research centre Poor Harvard UWS style Genre – university or research centre Poor Harvard UWS style Vic Careers 2006, Employment Skills Survey December 2006, Career Development and Employment Student Services Group, Victoria University of Wellington, viewed 15 February 2011, ;lt;http://www. victoria. ac. nz/st_services/careers/resources/employment_skills_2006. pdf| Annotation 5: Summary| Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relevant This scholarly report published the result of a survey done on 346 employers who recruit university graduates. Annotation 5: Use| Identifies specific data but not use Identifies specific data but not use The survey revealed that communication skills occupied the 2nd and 3rd most important skills required for employment. | Genre – scholarly magazine Harvard UWS style magazine title not italicised Genre – scholarly magazine Harvard UWS style magazine title not italicised Reference 6: Scholarly Magazine (Quasi-scholarly)| Shulman, J 2005 ‘Revaluing Writing’, Harvard Business Review, ;lt;http://hbr. org/2005/12/revaluing-writing/ar/1;gt;. | Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relevantAnnotation 6: Summary| This article talks about how important writers are in product development. | Blank Blank Annotation 6: Use| | Genre – book? Not enough info to determine if it’s an edited book or not. Poor Harvard UWS style. Genre – book? Not enough info to determine if it’s an edited book or not. Poor Harvard UWS style. Reference 7: Chapter in an Edited Book (Scholarly)| Harty, KJ 2008, Strategies for business and technical writing, 6th ed. | Annotation 7: Summary| This book teaches you how to write resumes, letters, memos, e-mail, reports, and proposals. Not assessed Not assessed |Annotation 7: Use| Not assessed Not assessed These skills are important because you need to write a resume to get a job and then whne you are working you need to write reports and proposals| Reference 8: Journal Article (Scholarly)| Genre – journal article Harvard UWS style – missing viewed date. Genre – journal article Harvard UWS style – missing viewed date. Ugbah, Steve D. Evuleocha, Stevina U. 1992, ‘The importance of written, verbal, and nonverbal communication factors in employment interview decisions’, Journal of Employment Counseling, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 128-37, ;lt;http://eric. ed. ov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=true;amp;_;amp;ERICExtSearchSearchValue_0=EJ451145;amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no;amp;accno=EJ451145;gt;. | Annotation 8: Summary| Adequate summary Adequate summary This article talks about what factors influence interviewers. | Annotation 8: Use| Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use The information on resourcefulness, written credentials, support for arguments, social attribu tes, comportment, and style will be used to support the question. | EXCELLENT EXAMPLE: This reference list would obtain a total mark of 34. /40 or 86% Reference 1: Internet (Non-scholarly)| Genre – online video Excellent Harvard UWS style Genre – online video Excellent Harvard UWS style Wagner, T 2009, ‘7 Skills students need for their future’, video, YouTube, 10 October, viewed 16 February 2011, ;lt;http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=NS2PqTTxFFc;amp;feature=related;gt;. | Annotation 1: Summary| Good summary and relevant Good summary and relevant This online lecture from the co-director of Harvards Change Leadership Group identifies effective oral and written communication as vital for a student’s future in employment. Annotation 1: Use| Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use Statistics on employment levels could be used as supporting data to show that higher written communication skills equate to higher levels of employmen t and higher wages. | Reference 2: Newspaper Article (Non-scholarly)| Genre – newspaper article Excellent Harvard UWS style Genre – newspaper article Excellent Harvard UWS style Davis, M 1993, ‘Literacy survey links reading, employment’, Dayton Daily News, 11 September, viewed 15 February 2011, Factiva database. | Annotation 2: Summary| Good summary and relevantGood summary and relevant This non-scholarly newspaper article discusses the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey done in the United States. | Annotation 2: Use| Identifies specific data and use; statement is awkward. Identifies specific data and use; statement is awkward. The correlation data regarding higher writing skills and higher levels of employment, more weeks worked and higher wages highlights the significance of written communication in employment. | Genre – industry journal Very good Harvard UWS style only the database OR the url is need NOT both Genre – industry j ournalVery good Harvard UWS style only the database OR the url is need NOT both Reference 3: Trade Journal / Industry Magazine (Non-scholarly)| Klie, S 2006, ‘Good tech skills, poor talk skills’, Canadian HR Reporter, 6 November, pp. 1 amp; 5, viewed 14 February 2011, ABI/Inform database, lt;http://search. proquest. com/docview/220770420? accountid=36155gt;. | Annotation 3: Summary| Adequate summary and relevant; awkward statement. Adequate summary and relevant; awkward statement. This non-scholarly trade journal article highlights the findings of a survey of 431 HR practitioners with regard to skills that applicants need to be hired. Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use Annotation 3: Use| The data on English writing skills including grammar and spelling highlights the need for more literacy programs in academia. | Reference 4: Industry / Government Website (Scholarly)| Genre – government website Excellent Harvard UWS style Genre â⠂¬â€œ government website Excellent Harvard UWS style Amodea, A, Jin, Y, amp; Kling, J 2009, Gaining the skills of employment literacy of female public assistance recipients, viewed 15 February 2011, lt;http://wdr. doleta. ov/research/FullText_Documents/Gaining_the_Skills_for_Employment_The_Literacy_of_Female_Public_Assistance_Recipients. pdf. gt;| Annotation 4: Summary| Adequate summary Adequate summary This government report looked at literacy skills and job opportunities in women getting government assistance to improve their literacy. | Adequate data and use Poor explanation of gov’t literacy programs used to increase employment opportunities. Adequate data and use Poor explanation of gov’t literacy programs used to increase employment opportunities. Annotation 4: Use|The information on poor literacy skills leading to getting government assistance show how important written communication is for getting a job. | Reference 5: University / Research Centre (Scholarly)| Genre – university Excellent Harvard UWS style Genre – university Excellent Harvard UWS style Vic Careers 2006, Employment Skills Survey December 2006, Career Development and Employment Student Services Group, Victoria University of Wellington, viewed 15 February 2011, lt;http://www. victoria. ac. nz/st_services/careers/resources/employment_skills_2006. pdf| Annotation 5: Summary| Good summary and relevant Good summary and relevantThis report surveyed 346 employers who recruit university graduates and showed that communication skills are the 2nd and 3rd most important skills needed to get a job. | Annotation 5: Use| Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use The findings regarding analytical skill needed in written communication supports the argument for theses skills in academia and employment. | Genre – scholarly magazine Excellent Harvard UWS style Genre – scholarly magazine Excellent Harvard UWS style Reference 6: Scholarly Maga zine (Quasi-scholarly)| Shulman, J 2005 ‘Revaluing writing’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 83, no. 2, viewed 15 February 2011, lt;http://hbr. org/2005/12/revaluing-writing/ar/1gt;. | Annotation 6: Summary| Good summary and relevant Good summary and relevant This article highlight the need to utilise ‘writers’ in product development as these individuals use their written communication skill to analyse and clarify product design and use. | Annotation 6: Use| Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use The example of writers in the production process will be used to demonstrate how important written communications skills are in every aspect of the busniess precess including product development. Genre – edited book Excellent Harvard UWS style Genre – edited book Excellent Harvard UWS style Reference 7: Chapter in an Edited Book (Scholarly)| Forey, G amp; Lockwood-Lee, J (eds) 2010, Globalization, communication and the workpla ce: talking across the world, Continuum Logo, London; New York. | Annotation 7: Summary| Adequate summary and relevant Adequate summary and relevant This scholarly edited book explores the need for good English language communication skills in the services sectors of the healthcare, insurance, banking and media industries. | Poor – more specific data neededPoor – more specific data needed Annotation 7: Use| The fourth chapter on communication skills will be useful to highlight the problems employers are facing and the need for better written communication skills. | Reference 8: Journal Article (Scholarly)| Genre – journal article Very good Harvard UWS style only the database OR the url is need NOT both Genre – journal article Very good Harvard UWS style only the database OR the url is need NOT both Wardrope WJ 2002, ‘Department Chairs’ perceptions of the importance of business communications skills’, Business Communications Quarterly , vol. 65, no. , pp. 60-72, viewed 15 February 2011, Academic OneFile database, lt;http://find. galegroup. com/gtx/retrieve. do? resultListType=RESULT_LISTamp;contentSet=IAC-Documentsamp;qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28JN%2CNone%2C34%29%22Business+Communication+Quarterly%22%3AAnd%3ALQE%3D%28D A%2CNone%2C8%2920021201%24amp;inPS=trueamp;sort=DateDescendamp;tabID=T002amp;prodId=AONEamp;searchId=R1amp;retrieveFormat=PDFamp;currentPosition=5amp;userGroupName=uwsydneyamp;docLevel=amp;docId=A96134828amp;noOfPages=13gt;. | Annotation 8: Summary| Good summary and relevant Good summary and relevantThis scholarly journal article investigated the importance of business communication skills in the academic setting and found that writing skills were more valued than generic business communication skills. | Annotation 8: Use| Identifies specific data and use Identifies specific data and use The discussion on relative importance of interpersonal communication, verbal communication, and cul tural literacy will be used for my counter argument and the information on written communication will be used for my supporting argument. | Workshop Activity 1: Annotated Reference List Compile an annotated reference list (45 minutes)Working in groups, use the workshop readings to create an annotated reference list. Each reference should include the bibliographic details (the citation) and a brief two-part annotation summarising the relevant content and identifying specific information within the text and highlighting how it would be used to address the assessment question. Each annotation should be no more than 60 words for both parts. Workshop question:Evaluate the need for business ethics in a global economy. - The workshop question shown above is NOT the actual assessment question.Please see the ‘Assessments’ link for further details. Annotated Reference List Insert YOUR response in the boxes below: Reference 1: Internet (Non-scholarly)| - - | Annotation 1: Summary| - - - | Annotation 1: Use| - - - |Reference 2: Newspaper Article (Non-scholarly)| - - - | Annotation 2: Summary| - - - | Annotation 2: Use| - - | Reference 3: Trade Journal / Industry Magazine (Non-scholarly)| - - - | Annotation 3: Summary| - - - - - | Annotation 3: Use| - - - - | Reference 4: Industry / Government Website (scholarly)| - - - - | Annotation 4: Summary| - - - - | Annotation 4: Use| - - - - - | Reference 5: University / Research Centre (Scholarly)| - - - - |Annotation 5: Summary| - - - - - | Annotation 5: Use| - - - - - | Reference 6: Scholarly Magazine (Quasi-scholarly)| -

Igor Stravinsky Essay Example

Igor Stravinsky Essay Example Igor Stravinsky Paper Igor Stravinsky Paper Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was born on June 17th. 1882 in Oranienbaum. Russia. He was one of four to his Polish parents. Anna nee Kholodovsky and Fyodor Stravinsky. Igor Stravinsky’s foremost exposer to music was from his male parent. who was a bass vocalist at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. His male parent helped him larn the love of music. His first musical instruction began at the age of nine with piano lessons. analyzing music theory. and trying composing. By 15. he had mastered Mendelssohn’s Piano Concerto in G Minor and finished a piano decrease of a twine four by Glazunov. That same twelvemonth. Stravinsky rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church and abandoned it. Even though he excelled in music. his parents still wanted him to go a attorney. In 1901. Stravinsky enrolls at the University of Saint Petersburg ; nevertheless he neer attends many of his categories during the four old ages of school. When it came clip to take concluding scrutinies in 1 905. the school was closed for two months because of Bloody Sunday. He so subsequently received a half class sheepskin in April 1906. In 1902. Stravinsky began having private lessons from Nikolai Rimsky- Korsakov. the taking Russian composer at that clip. That really same twelvemonth Stravinsky’s male parent dies from malignant neoplastic disease. In 1905 Igor Stravinsky proposes to his first cousin Catherin Nossenko. Even though the Orthodox Church opposes matrimony of first cousins. they got married on January 23rd. 1906. The same of his matrimony. Stravinsky’s creates foremost of import composing Symphony in E Flat. The undermentioned twelvemonth they have their first kid Theodore and so the following twelvemonth they have their 2nd kid Ludmila. The same twelvemonth as Ludmila’s birth. Rimsky. Stravinsky’s male parent like figure. dies. In 1909. Stravinsky’s composings. Scherzo fatastique and Feu d’artifice ( Fireworks ) where performed at a concert in St. Petersburg. In that really audience Serge Diaghilev. laminitis of the Ballets Russes. was highly impressed. He was so impressed that he chooses Stravinsky to transport out orchestrations and to compose a full length concert dance. The Firebird. In 1910 Stravinsky travels Paris for the Prime Minister of The Firebird. At this public presentation he meets Claude Debussy. Maurice Ravel. and many other of import instrumentalists. Towards the terminal of the concert dance season. his household moves to Switzerland with him and. Catherine anticipating her 3rd kid. In Lausanne. Switzerland in September 1910. Sviatoslav Soulima their 3rd boy was born. In 1911. Stravinsky completes another successful concert dance. Petrushka. Three old ages subsequently. Stravinsky composes the two portion concert dance Le Sacre du Primtemps ( The Rite of Spring ) . This concert dance marked the coming of modernism in music and was met with amazement and ill will. The public violence that followed was the most ill-famed event in music history. Right after the public presentation. he developed typhoid febrility. which took six hebdomads to retrieve from. Around the same clip. Catherina and Ludmila were found to hold TB. A twelvemonth subsequently Ludmila did and after giving birth to their 4th kid Maria Milena. Catherina besides died. Three months after that his female parent died besides. After all these deceases in his life. Stravinsky besides diagnosed with TB. He spent five months retrieving with his newest girl Milena ; she took six old ages to retrieve. Stravinsky met Vera de Bosset in Paris in February 1921. his new married woman to be. At the clip when they foremost met Vera was still married to the painter and phase interior decorator Serge Sudeikin. They began an matter which led Vera to go forth her hubby. During his last old ages in Paris. Stravinsky made professional connexions with people in the U. S.

Michael Strahan on the power of working hard

Michael Strahan on the power of working hard Nobody knows more about hard work than an NFL Hall of Famer. Okay, maybe an NFL Hall of Famer who built an equally-successful second career as a television personality, and launched several lucrative companies. Michael Strahan’s professional versatility means that his advice can likely be applied to whatever goal you’ve set for yourself. So listen up. [Source: Daily Fuel]

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Poverty - Essay Example Many universities and other educational institutions have played an important role in poverty awareness. Through educational programs, they educate the students and the society of the causes of poverty and their effects. Many children around the world are living in extreme poverty with no food to eat. The question is who is to blame? The cause of poverty, in my mind is the gap between the poor and the rich. This gap exists between countries and between individuals. Looking at countries, the rich nations are not willing to help the poor ones out of poverty. They provide aid to them with strings attached. The conditions for aid have always made the countries to be poorer. Within individuals of a particular country, we also find that the gap between the rich and the poor is so wide. The rich in the society do not put up measures to assist those who are poor. They in fact amass more wealth through dubious means such as stealing from the national coffers or tax evasion. In order to end po verty around the world, the developed world should genuinely extend aid. The conditions put forward should encourage positive reforms in the society and not make these countries poorer. The rich countries must also help the poor and not exploit them. In so doing it will enable the society to progress as one and not on individual level. Universities have programs that help alleviate poverty. The universities also do offer scholarships to poor students to enable them access higher education. By getting this education the students are able to engage in gainful employment that raises their economic status. Through education, the students know whether the aid extended is exploitative or gainful. This enables them to stand up against any form of exploitation in the society. University students, when they get out of school should maintain the moral standards taught them by their parents and teachers when in leadership positions or employment. They should not engage in corruption because th ey know how this vice causes poverty in the society. They should also help others who need this education by sponsoring them. Education of a society results in the reduction of poverty. When I get into a leadership position, I will ensure that I put in place strategies that will ensure poverty alleviation in the society. First I know that corruption has been a major cause of poverty, I will ensure that that there is zero tolerance to corruption. There will be no tax evasion or looting of public property. Use the tax that is collected will also on projects that are likely to benefit the majority of taxpayers. With this in place, even the poor can have a share of the ‘national cake’ that can greatly assist them to come out of their poverty. The second measure is to encourage small-scale enterprises. This I can achieve by reducing the legal requirements for the starting of these businesses and providing grants for people who would want to start such businesses. Small scale businesses are a good way to fight poverty because the capital required to start such businesses is normally small and even the poor can afford it. One also needs to be equipped with just the basic entrepreneurial skills to manage such businesses. My leadership will invest in funding these small-scale enterprises to ensure that it assists the poor to come out of their poverty. Thirdly I will also invest in the education sector. Having been in school I am well aware of the role that education plays in

Articles Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Articles Summary - Article Example s another 45 days to evaluate the child and it takes another 30 days for the Admission, Review and Dismissal committee to decide whether the child qualifies for special education or not. While writing the request a parent needs to clearly but briefly identify why they believe their child is in need of special education. While addressing this question the parent should outline concerns such as academic problems and the parents even need to clearly state that if the school has implemented any method to help the child, the procedure should not result in decreasing the speed of the review of the child. The IDEA has established that schools can try to help the child before and even when the evolution of the child by the school district is going on. They can help the child through RTI which is designed in order to provide support to those children who are failing to perform well in academics. Once the evaluation of the child is completed an ARD meeting is held in which the parent participates as a member. Once it has been identified by the ARD committee that the child requires special education services, and then the Individual Education Program is developed. After parents have requested for their child to be evaluated, it is the duty of the school district of Texas to provide parents with a document called Notice of Procedural Safeguards and this document contains information about the rights of the parents. If a child is not considered to be evaluated for special education and if a child is not believed to be provided with special education, the parents can get the child evaluated from an independent entity and the expense for this evaluation is paid by the school district. Before a child is provided with special education a parent needs to get the child evaluated by the school district for this form of education. The school district reviews the application of the parents and then decides whether a child is eligible for this form of education or not. The article

Essay on hinduism and buddhism Essay Example for Free

Essay on hinduism and buddhism Essay Hinduism and Buddhism have different similarities and are in some ways connected to each other. Some of the practices of the two religions are similar in many different ways and there are several examples to show this. Hinduism first started in India around 1500 BC. The word Hindu comes from the word sindhu or river. The Hindu community think of themselves as those who believe in the Vedas, or those who follow the way or dharma of the four classes and the stages of life. The four classes being the varnas and the stages of life being the ashramas. Like Hinduism, Buddhism also started in India. It is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is called the Buddha. Buddhism started a monastic movement in the Brahman tradition. Another name for buddah is the enlightened one.It is generally agreed that the Buddha was born in 563 BC in Kapilavastu to the ruler of a small kingdom. He grew up as a rich guy and had a splendid life. When he was 29 he came to realize that high life up to this point had been so empty. He let go any earthly things and soon left to find peace and enlightenment trying to stay away from the cycles of rebirths. He started practicing Yoga and adopted a life of radical asceticism. He soon gave up this way of thinking and focused on a middle path between the life of indulgence and that of self-denial. After a while of great inner struggle, he began to wander to different places and preach and organized a community know as the sangha. The Buddha started the movement for all different peoples and denied that a persons spiritual worth is a matter of birth. The Buddha left no written word. The Cannon for the Buddhist religion is known as the Tripitaka or three Baskets, because is has three writings. These are the Sutra Pitaka which is a collection of discourses, the Vinaya Pitaka, which is the code of the monastic rules, and the Abhidharma Pitaka, which contains all different philosophical, psychological, and doctrinal discussions and different classifications. The Vinaya Pitaka has over 225 rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, each  which has a story to explain. The Abhidharma Pitaka has seven different works, which include detailed classifications of the psychological phenomena, metaphysical analysis, and a thesaurus of technical vocabulary. Hinduism also has a lot of writings but the most important of all is the Vedas. The oldest is the Rig-Veda, which was made in an ancient form of the Sanskrit language in northeast India. It consists of 1028 hymns to many of the gods.

Stuttering Will Not Crush My Dreams Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay

Today is the day of the oral report. Everyone in class has already made their presentation, so I no longer have an excuse for not sharing my material. I slowly raise my hand after the teacher asks if anyone else needs to do the oral. As I scoot the chair back to stand up, my ears begin to turn red hot. My uneasiness only gets worse when I sluggishly walk down the aisle towards the awaiting podium and start sweating on my hands and forehead. As I look up from the podium, I am startled by the forty pairs of unwavering eyes glaring at me, awaiting to be engrossed by my brilliance. I find myself having difficulty breathing, almost as if I have forgotten how to. I wipe the sweat off my brow, grab my index cards tightly, and open my mouth to speak. But the words just will not come out as I hit a stuttering block. Those same forty pairs of eyes are gazing at me in wonderment. I avoid their scowls by looking down at my index cards, held by my excessively sweaty hands. The class is remarkably silent, waiting for me to continue. I hastily glance upwards to discover forty increasingly impatient people. Nervously, I attempt to speak again, but again I block. I make a stronger effort to try to spit the words out, only to stutter. While many are able to relate to the distress involved in public speaking, issues faced by a person who stutters are unique. Anxiety of a stuttering block extends beyond the typical public speaking into the everyday world of phone conversations and ordering fast food. The anxiety I get during either of the two situations is tremendous. For example, if I am preparing to place a phone call or am waiting in line to order fast food, anxiety builds as I wonder whether I will stutter. This affects my decision-ma... ...e my fear of speaking, and, in addition, I became more social and outgoing. Ever since I took journalism, I have realized I do not have to hide the fact that I have a speech impediment. Contrarily, I have learned that I feel more comfortable with my audience, especially in a classroom situation, if I let the cat out of the bag before I spoke. By advertising my stuttering, I no longer feel as if I am running away or trying to hide my problems, and I find that my listeners tend to be more sympathetic to my disability. I have learned that self-acceptance has pushed me a long way in my struggle to discover who I am. No one is perfect, and everyone must realize their short-comings. But these must not get in the way of your goals in life. You must confront these obstacles head-on, learn to accept them, and to build from your broadened understanding of yourself.

A view from the future and the medieval ages

The great publicist of the enlightenment, Voltaire, even while he advocated the widening of historical inquiry to embrace social and economic activities and their effect, strongly believed that any objects worthy of historical study were the peeks not the valleys of the achievements of mankind. l This statement shows that among the civilization that rose, the western civilization is always ahead of the other societies. There is an assumption that western civilization are progressive than Asians. In comparison to the medieval world, view, however believed in a fixed order of things and was theocratic.It is true that the western civilization started the economic and social activity through the Industrial revolution. The industrial revolution began at the United Kingdom in 1750-1850 and spread to the Germany, United States and the rest of the Europe in 1850 – 1950. And in 19502050 it expand through Asia and Brazil . lt also started the massive release of additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In the comparison between Industrial Revolution and French revolution, we can see that the two have similarities.The French Revolution was a transformation in society and political. In the start of French Revolution, France becomes a monarchy. The Industrial revolution was resulted to transform agricultural economies to industrial. But it also changed the whole society. The social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution were significant. As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturing, production shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories.Large portions of the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing Duchesne,Ricardo, The Uniqueness of Western Civilization, KoninkliJke, Brill NV,2011 PASCUA, Diane JOY T. 2013-63299 enters were found. New groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers took financial risks and reaped great reward s. 2 There is also similarity in the Dark Ages and in the Industrial Revolution in social stratification. In the Dark Ages, Feudalism flourished in the Western Europe. It is a specific kind of decentralized government which started in Western Europe in ninth century to thirteenth. Three elements are considered in the classical Feudalism; the decentralized of government and law. 4 The lord is the most powerful in this stratification. They are the one who holds the power in economic aspects. In some cases, some lords are more powerful than the kings. While in the Industrial Revolution, industrialists, bankers and political leaders govern over the ordinary people. Industrialists hold the power in Economic aspects and they also â€Å"control† the political system because of the wealth. We can see that the power in this time is in hands of the wealthy.

Math Internal Assessment Gold Medal Heights

Gold Medal Heights The heights achieved by gold medalists in the high jump have been recorded starting from the 1932 Olympics to the 1980 Olympics. The table below shows the Year in row 1 and the Height in centimeters in row 2 Year| 1932| 1936| 1948| 1952| 1956| 1960| 1964| 1968| 1972| 1976| 1980| Height (cm)| 197| 203| 198| 204| 212| 216| 218| 224| 223| 225| 236| They were recorded to show a pattern year after year and to reveal a trend. The data graph below plots the height on the y-axis and the year on the x-axis. Data Graph 1 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year YearIn Data Graph 1 the data shown represents the height in cm achieved by gold medalists in accordance to the year in which the Olympic games were held. The Graph shows a gradual increase in height as the years increase. The parameters shown in this are the heights, which can be measured during each year to show the rise. The constraints of this task are finding a function to fit the data point shown in Data Graph 1. Some other constraints would be that there aren’t any outliers in the graph and it has been a pretty steady linear rise. The type of function that models the behavior of the function is linear.This type of function models it because the points resemble a line rather than a curve. To represent the points plotted in Data Graph 1 a function is created. To start deciphering a function I started with the equation – Y = mx + b To show the slope of the line since the function is linear. For the first point the function would have to satisfy 197 = m (1932) + b In order for the line to be steep the b value or y intercept will have to be low to give it a more upward positive slope. Y = mx -1000 197 = m (1932) -1000 1197 = m (1932) m = 0. 619The final linear equation to satisfy some points would be y = 0. 62x – 1000 The graph below shoes the model linear function and the original data points to show their relationship. Graph 2 Year Year Height (cm) Height (cm) The graph above shows t he linear function y = 0. 62x – 1000 in relation to the data points plotted on Data Graph 1. The differences between the function and the points plotted is that the function does not full satisfy all the x and y values. The outliers in this case are from the years 1948, 1952, and 1980 which all of y values that do not meet the function closely.Using regression the following function and graph is found. The function and line found using regression matches the one found by me. The linear function does not cross all points but shows the gradual shape in which the points plotted make. Another function that is used is a quadratic function Quadratic functions are set up as: Y = px2 + tx +b To make this function resemble the points plotted on the Graph 1 the p value will have to be very small to widen the shape of the quadratic The b value also has to be small to resemble the y intercept and to give the graph a more upward slopeI used the function: Y = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x â €“ 1010 In order for this function to work it must satisfy the point of (1964, 218) Y = 0. 0000512 (1964)2 + 0. 5171 (1964) – 1010 Y = 0. 0000512 (3857296) + 1015. 58 – 1010 Y = 197. 49 + 1015. 58 – 1010 Y = 218 This graph of the function y = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 +0. 5171x – 1010 is shown in the following Graph 3 as it is against the points plotted in Data Graph 1 Graph 3 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year It is shown in Graph 3 that the quadratic function does resemble the shape of the line plotted by the points in Data Graph 1.In Graph 4 both functions are shown against the original data points plotted in Data Graph 1. Graph 4 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year Had the games been held in 1940 and 1944 the winning heights would be estimated as: Y = 0. 62(1940) – 1000 Y = 1202. 8 – 1000 Y = 202. 8 When the x value of 1940 is plugged into the linear equation y = 0. 62x – 1000 the y value, or winning height in the year 1940, would be 202. 8. Y = 0. 0000512(1940)2 + 0. 5171(1940) – 1010 Y = 0. 0000512(3763600) + 1003. 17 – 1010 Y = 192. 69 + 1003. 17 – 1010 Y = 185. 86 When the x value 1940 is plugged into the quadratic equation y = 0. 000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x – 1010 the y value, or winning height for 1940, is 185. 86. In order to make a more accurate estimate for the winning height in 1940 the average of both terms, 202. 8 and 185. 86, are taken. 202. 8 + 185. 86 / 2 = 194. 33 The estimated winning height in 1940 would be 194. 33 For the estimated winning height in 1944: Y = 0. 62(1944) – 1000 Y = 1205. 28 – 1000 Y = 205. 28 When the x value of 1944 is plugged into the linear equation 0. 62x – 1000 the y value, or winning height in 1944, is 205. 8. Y = 0. 0000512(1944)2 + 0. 5171(1944) – 1010Y = 0. 0000512(3779136) + 1005. 24 – 1010 Y = 193. 49 + 1005. 24 – 1010 Y = 188. 73 When the x value of 1944 is plugged into the quadratic equation of 0. 00005 12Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x + 1010 the y value, or winning height in 1944, is 188. 73. To have a more accurate estimate of the winning height the average of the two y values of two functions is taken. 188. 73 + 205. 28 / 2 = 197. 01 The winning height for the 1944 Olympics would be estimated at 197. 01 Graph 5 Year Year Height (cm) Height (cm) Graph 5 shows all the data from the 1896 Olympics to the 2008 Olympics.The red line is the quadratic function f(x) = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x – 1010 and the blue line represents the linear function f(x) = 0. 62x -1000. The function models that are represented in Graph 5 do not fully resemble the points plotted from the gold medal high jump heights but have an overall shape of the rise in height from year to year. Graph 6 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year The graph above shows all data point plotted on a graph. The overall trend or shape resemble that of a cubic. Graph 7 The shape of the cubic resembles more of the shape shown in the data poi nts plotted on Graph 6.The modifications that need to be made on my models are that the quadratic function needs to have a more curve to it than just a straight line. To do that I need to change the variables a, b, and c in the equation f(x) = ax2 + bx + c f(x) = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x -1010 Graph 8 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year In a zoomed out view the graph shows the overall shape of the quadratic shape of the red line and how it goes through the black data points and how the linear equation is completely straight. IB Mathematics SL Year 2 Internal Assessment Gold Medal Heights Date Due: February 11, 2013

What to Expect in an Online Class

What to Expect in an Online Class Evolving web technology has made it possible to take a class or even earn a degree from a major university without ever sitting in a classroom. Some students take online courses as part of traditional degree programs. For example, I teach several of my undergraduate courses as both traditional on-ground classes and online classes. Online classes hold some similarities with traditional on-ground courses, but there are also many differences. Depending upon the school, program, and instructor you choose, your online class may entail synchronous asynchronous elements. Synchronous elements require that all students log in at the same time. An instructor might provide a live lecture using a web cam or might hold a chat session for the entire class, for example. Asynchronous elements do not require that you log in at the same time as other students or your instructor. You might be asked to post to bulletin boards, submit essays and other assignments, or participate with other class members on a group assignment. Communication with the Instructor occurs through: E-mailBulletin boardsChat roomsInstant messageVideo conference (like Skype)Telephone (sometimes) Lectures are taught through: Web conferencesTyped lecturesTeleconferencesBulletin boardsText chatStreaming audioRecorded lectures Course participation and assignments include: Discussion board postsEssay assignmentsConstructing web pagesCreating blogsCollaborating on wiki pagesTests (conducted online) What you need: Computer capable of streaming video and multitaskingPrinterHigh speed internet (no dial up!)Basic computer skills: Internet surf, downloading media, search, emailSelf-discipline and motivationRegular blocks of time Most online universities offer demonstrations for online courses on their web sites, which allows you to preview the virtual learning experience beforehand. An orientation class may be required by some schools, in which you will meet the instructors, staff, and other students. You will also learn about the technology used, available tools that are needed to get started, and resources available to online students, such as library facilities. Many online degree programs have residencies that require that students come to campus for one or more days every year.

Ohms Law - Voltage and Current relationship

Ohm's Law - Voltage and Current relationship Ohms Law is a key rule for analyzing electrical circuits, describing the relationship between three key physical quantities: voltage, current, and resistance. It represents that the current is proportional to the voltage across two points, with the constant of proportionality being the resistance. Using Ohms Law The relationship defined by Ohms law is generally expressed in three equivalent forms: I VÂ  /Â  RR V / IV IR with these variables defined across a conductor between two points in the following way: I represents the electrical current, in units of amperes. V represents the voltage measured across the conductor in volts, and R represents the resistance of the conductor in ohms. One way to think of this conceptually is that as a current, I, flows across a resistor (or even across a non-perfect conductor, which has some resistance), R, then the current is losing energy. The energy before it crosses the conductor is therefore going to be higher than the energy after it crosses the conductor, and this difference in electrical is represented in the voltage difference, V, across the conductor. The voltage difference and current between two points can be measured, which means that resistance itself is a derived quantity that cannot be directly measured experimentally. However, when we insert some element into a circuit that has a known resistance value, then you are able to use that resistance along with a measured voltage or current to identify the other unknown quantity. History of Ohms Law German physicist and mathematician Georg Simon Ohm (March 16, 1789 - July 6, 1854 C.E.) conducted research in electricity in 1826 and 1827, publishing the results that came to be known as Ohms Law in 1827. He was able to measure the current with a galvanometer, and tried a couple of different set-ups to establish his voltage difference. The first was a voltaic pile, similar to the original batteries created in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. In looking for a more stable voltage source, he later switched to thermocouples, which create a voltage difference based to a temperature difference. What he actually directly measured was that the current was proportional to the temperature difference between the two electrical junctures, but since the voltage difference was directly related to the temperature, this means that the current was proportional to the voltage difference. In simple terms, if you doubled the temperature difference, you doubled the voltage and also doubled the current. (Assuming, of course, that your thermocouple doesnt melt or something. There are practical limits where this would break down.) Ohm wasnt actually the first to have investigated this sort of relationship, despite publishing first. Previous work by British scientist Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810 C.E.) in the 1780s had resulted in him making comments in his journals that seemed to indicate the same relationship. Without this being published or otherwise communicated to other scientists of his day, Cavendishs results werent known, leaving the opening for Ohm to make the discovery. Thats why this article isnt entitled Cavendishs Law. These results were later published in 1879 by James Clerk Maxwell, but by that point the credit was already established for Ohm. Other Forms of Ohms Law Another way of representing Ohms Law was developed by Gustav Kirchhoff (of Kirchoffs Laws fame), and takes the form of: J ÏÆ'E where these variables stand for: J represents the current density (or electrical current per unit area of cross section) of the material. This is a vector quantity representing a value in a vector field, meaning it contains both a magnitude and a direction.sigma represents the conductivity of the material, which is dependent upon the physical properties of the individual material. The conductivity is the reciprocal of the resistivity of the material. E represents the electric field at that location. It is also a vector field. The original formulation of Ohms Law is basically an idealized model, which doesnt take into account the individual physical variations within the wires or the electric field moving through it. For most basic circuit applications, this simplification is perfectly fine, but when going into more detail, or working with more precise circuitry elements, it may be important to consider how the current relationship is different within different parts of the material, and thats where this more general version of the equation comes into play.

Women's struggle during the harlem renaissance to modern times Essay

Women's struggle during the harlem renaissance to modern times depicted through literature - Essay Example This identity emerged as a result of mass immigration from the Southern states to the cities of the north such as New York, Chicago and Washington D.C. â€Å"The Great Migration† (Rau, 7) was due to the fact that even after the emancipation of the African-American slaves in 1863, the blacks suffered from segregation. The prevailing of social inequality in the Southern states and the growth of industries in the north were vital in the shifting of the ex-slaves to the New York City. It became the city of dreams, a place to uplift their positions. However for the women whether black or white â€Å"were expected to stay home and care for their families† (McKissack, 5). The situation of black women were worsened as they found it harder to get admission into colleges and had to resort to chores like â€Å"doing laundry, waiting tables, or being a nanny† (McKissack, 6). In this context, the Harlem Renaissance gave women the platform to express themselves. It is said that the â€Å"writers of the Harlem Renaissance occupy a crucial place in the history of the Afro-American Literature for the high artistic qualities† (Bloom, 223) as we find in Jean Toomer’s Cane and Nella Narsen’s Quicksand. In Cane, Toomer has shown the plight of Becky, a white woman who is treated as an outcaste for having two children by a black man but Karintha, a black woman is depicted as a woman admired by all. This novel claims to establish the supremacy of the black women over white. Quicksand is an autobiographical novel. Larsen is a child to a white mother and a black father. Therefore, in this novel she is able to depict the contradictions of living as a black woman in a society dominated by white ideology. It is a discourse on the prejudice of the white sentiment and their allegation to black women who possess inherent lasciviousness. The protagonist, Helga Crane represses her sexual desire as she fears that it may confirm to the stere otype notion about blacks as savage and

HSA 535 WK 8 D1 & DB2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HSA 535 WK 8 D1 & DB2 - Coursework Example For example, the imaging tests include the use of Mammograms and computed tomography scans. Understanding Laboratory tests requires that there is a fact sheet used to keep records for the role of screening and diagnostic laboratory tests. The fact sheets usually contain a list of the common tests done in cancer medicine hence could be used as a reference. Pap and HPV testing are some of the laboratory tests in cancer medicine that patients are likely to get through during their diagnosis and treatment procedures. A fact sheet is used which includes information about cervical cancer screening guidelines which can be used on the patients. There is also the Prostate-Specific Antigen Test that is used as a way of diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients. The fact sheet presents guidelines of the procedure together with the benefits and limitations of the test. These tests are efficient, however, only in the first world countries. Third world countries lack the necessary resources and financing to run cancer screening centers effectively and of a large magnitude. However, the US is a developed country with a well-established means of ensuring affordable health care to all its citizens hence has effective procedures. Prostate cancer is usually more prevalent in patients who are older hence it is advisable that older people go for regular screening. This could reduce the extra costs that would be incurred during treatment because once detected early, there are higher chances of treatment. There are a number of ways to address and communicate to the public about the disease. This can be done by engaging the mass in social media using posts that can target their interests. In this contemporary world, the social media has been very active as a tool of communication. Youths can share ideas and criticize hence gaining more knowledge about the disease. The other way would be through free

Trend and analysis of SLS hotel external environment Research Paper

Trend and analysis of SLS hotel external environment - Research Paper Example The SLS Luxury brand caters to a specific class of people who desire a lifestyle of high-class service, sophistication, â€Å"over the top† luxury, and an atmosphere that fulfills these needs. SLS Hotels have created a new paradigm in the luxury hotel experience that speaks to a global, sophisticated audience. â€Å"SLS† stands for â€Å"style, luxury, and service. This speaks to the needs of today’s sophisticated travelers, offering an array of widely customizable features and an unwavering commitment to innovation and superior guest service (Hotels, 2014). The sort of products and administrations requested by customers is generally impacted by their convictions and state of mind which, on the other hand, are affected by social molding. The surrounding social entities and the associated activities. The Hollywood presence, for instance, presents the hotel with great opportunity for the constant flow of clients who even stay for longer periods. The hotel location is a great contributor to the accessibility by the target population who include the diplomatic tourists and business persons in Los Angeles. Beverly Hills and Los Angeles, in particular, is a popular destination for people seeking luxury and high-class lifestyle. The Hollywood movie industry, high-end shopping options and opportunities, beaches and resorts such as Santa Monica Pier and Venice boardwalk, attractions such as the Universal Studios, many museums and cultural events in L.A constitutes to the main social factors that make the destination popular (Enz, 2009). Being an economic hub, Los Angeles provides the hotel with an adequate supply of market as business people from all over the world frequently come to the city for conferences (Hotels, 2014). The growing population of Beverly Hills is also a social factor to consider. Currently, the population of the city stands at over 34,000 people. However, the population has various demands depending on the age-group and socioeconomic factors.

Importance of Expenditure on Education for Economic Growth

Importance of Expenditure on Education for Economic Growth REVIEW OF LITERATURE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE Introduction Education is recognized as a critical input for the holistic development of the economy. Further, the elementary education plays a very leading role in acquiring larger positive externalities to the society. The provision of elementary education is one of the central responsibilities of the government. Many economic theories also suggest substantial role for the government in providing of basic education. All states in India have undertaken the responsibility of providing elementary education to their citizens. Voluminous government expenditure was increased on education across the states, but there is no significant achievement among the states in terms of educational outcomes. This chapter makes an attempt to review the available literature to understand the theoretical linkages of development and problems involved. The review of literature very helpful in understanding the research problems and explore the research gap and identify the ways that lead to solve the problem. A: Theoretical Models of Public Expenditure on Education Review of literature is divided into two parts. The first part represents the theoretical literature on financing of education, public good discussion, externalities involved with education and government intervention in the provision of education in the system. The role of education in economic development and important factors influencing on productivity and externalities involved also discussed here. The second part describes empirical studies on relationship between education and economic growth, inter-state variation in educational performance, efficiency of education system and factors influencing educational expenditure. Finance is commonly referred as providing funds for commercial activities. Public finance includes both public revenue and public expenditure, which plays an important role in influencing the other variables in an economy. Public expenditure is referred as the expenses incurred by the Government for the maintenance of the government responsibility and to stimulate the welfare of the society. Financing is an economic activity of the government to provide and manage necessary resources for satisfying the needs of the people. Education is not a pure public good, because in certain situations education might violate the principle characteristics of the public good such as non-rival and non-excludability. But education in general or elementary education in particular is considered as social good or collective good, which produces various positive externalities and social advantages to the society. Several economists have supported public expenditure on education for providing better educational opportunities in the society based on the argument that expenditure on education impacts economic development positively. During the ancient period most of the countries were following the laissez faire policy, where market forces play dominant role in adjustment of the economy. The role of the state was limited. Even under laissez-faire policy, the Government was expected to perform certain functions. According to the father of economics, Adam Smith (1937)[1] who provided a broad platform to laissez faire policy, the government has three important functions. They are Protection of society from foreign invasion. Maintenance of law and order and justice in society. The correction and maintains of public works such as educational institutions for the instructions of the people. Smith greatly emphasized the role of public finance and emphasized the need for providing public services to the poor to live and maintain their human dignity. J.S. Mill (1848) is another well known classical economist supported Adam Smiths laissez faire policy in administration of the government. He purposefully divided the functions of the government in laissez faire into Ordinary and Optional functions. The ordinary functions are defence, maintenance of law and order and other functions essential for the maintenance of the system. On the other hand the Optional functions such as education, health, family welfare and others have positive impact on economic growth the long run. In his argument he also encourage government role in advancement of public expenditure because Individuals are unable to evaluate the utility of certain goods, Lack of foresight may prevent individuals from consuming the valuable goods. Monopoly power or high prices necessitate government intervention in the provision of primary education. For the first time Adolph Wagner[2] (1835–1917) has commented on increasing state activities and through his experiment he found a positive relationship between public expenditure and economic growth among the selected countries. He postulated that when economy moves towards higher economic development path, public expenditure of the state also increases. The increasing public expenditure contributes to economic growth in various ways. In contrary, Peacock and Wiseman[3] (1967) argued that the natural course of advancement and structural change in the economy, leads to constant and systematic expansion in the public expenditure. According to them public expenditure in the system will not continuously increase. It depends on the shocks and stimulus response in the society. The Voluntary Exchange Theory was developed by Knut Wicksell (1896), Eric Lindahl ( ), Howard Bowen (1948)[4] and Musgrave (1939)[5]. It suggests that the resources in public sector should also allocate in the same manner as in such a manner to their allocation in the market with its price system. Through this theory they argued for tax collection and public spending for improving the welfare of the people. Dalton[6] postulated the public expenditure theory (1967) and according to him maximum satisfaction can be yield by striking a balance between public revenue and public expenditure by the government. According to him economic welfare is achieved when Marginal Social Sacrifices (MSS) due to imposition of taxes is equal to Marginal Social Benefit (MSB) due to government spending. Prof. Pigou argued that net social benefit (NSB) is maximized in the equilibrium condition of MSS = MSB. Public Expenditure and Decentralization Since the SSA adopted decentralized model in government spending on education, theories relating to the public expenditure, decentralization and governance are reviewed. Fiscal decentralization theorem (Oates, 1972) states that sub central governments have a comparative advantage in providing public services due to heterogeneity preferences of the people residing in different jurisdiction. He strongly argued for the decentralization in the administration and performing the functions. According to him decentralization will bring good governance at the local level and satisfy more human wants through effective public expenditure. Public expenditure and Distribution Dreze and Sen (1989) propounded public support led strategies. According to them the holistic development of the system is possible only where each and every individual has a good standard of living. For better standard of living and for tracing number of activities, they strongly argued for the educational attainment. Apart from its intrinsic importance, education serves certain instrumental roles in ensuring the freedom of a person, which not only guarantees personal gains but also possesses social ramifications including empowering the disadvantaged and reducing inequality. Certain public service such as education, health, sanitation, family welfare, rural development and others are required particularly for the development of marginalized sections. In this regard, the government investment on social sector is essential for receiving the double benefit to the economy. Samuelsons Theory of Public good The first place in defining the concept of public good belongs to Paul A. Samuelson (1955)[7]. Samuelson consider as the establisher of theory of public good. He made distinguish between public good and private good. The public good as the good, which brings benefits for members of the society as a whole and the consumption of the Public good doesnt proclaim the consumption of the other person. In Indian context provision of elementary education is a right of children between the age group of six to fourteen years, therefore elementary education consider as public good. In this regard Samuelsons argument in the provision of public good (elementary education) is justifiable. Non-rivalry and non-exclusion are two important characteristics of public good; education in general a good only obligatory education can meet the characteristics of public good. The elementary education is fulfilled the characteristics of public good and the consumption of this good does not reduce the consumptio n of other good. All these reasons emphasized the government role in public expenditure in the system. Milton Freidman (1995) published his book entitled The role of government; in that book he postulated the role of government intervention in the provision of education. He positively argued that the government intervention in public good based on strong following reasons; Capital market imperfection Incomplete infrastructure Possibility to create a monopoly Existence of positive externalities Friedman, M. (1955): The Role of Government. In: Solo, R.A, Economics and the public interest. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1955, 123-144. He propounded and accepted the approach of efficiency in the allocation of public goods. It shows fundamental difference between the allocation of public and private good based on micro economic principle. Prof. A.C. Pigou established the ability to pay theory for the determination of optimum level of public expenditure. He explained that the resources should be allocated among different uses and expenditure should be incurred in different uses in such a form that the marginal utility obtained from each different use is same. The government sector would grow with increasing level of National income. According to him if a community were literally a unitary being, with the government as its brain, expenditure should be pushed in all direction as increases of the National income. Further Prof. Pigou observed that simple marginal rule of optimization implied on increasing public sector with increasing wealth, the optimum amount of public goods is likely to raise. Justification for State Intervention in Education Some of the justifications for state intervention in education sector are as follows Education is recognized as a social good, but through the Right to Education Act (RtE) Elementary education is recognized as a public good, where it is the responsibility of government and parents to provide certain level of education. People could ignorant about the advantages/benefits/values of the education, so they have no concern in educating their pupils. The imperfect market and asymmetric information in developing and developed economies make poor people to still consider education expenditure as a consumption rather than investment expenditure. Market mechanism is mainly determined by the demand for and supply of the product. But in the case of education which is a social good, the marginal cost of additional education unit is zero and its consumption is indivisible in nature. These factor causes market failure in the market for investment in Education. Scholars like (Vaizy 1962; Blaug 1965; Levin 1987; Tomilnson1986; Musgrave 1959; Tilak 1999 and others) have strongly supported the state intervention in provision of elementary education. Contribution of Education to Economic Growth: Theoretical perspective The role of education in development has been recognized since the days of Plato. He argued that the education has high economic value; therefore a huge part of communitys wealth must be invested on education. Education helps the society by enabling them to participate actively in the development process. But, a major contribution to the discussion on relationship between education and economic growth was first made by Adam Smith (1776), followed by the subsequent contributions by the classical and neo-classical economists until Alfred Marshall. Marshall (1890) emphasized that, â€Å"The most valuable of all capital is that invested in human beings’. Further he also states that, Knowledge is our most powerful engine of production. It enables us to moderate nature and force her to satisfy our wants†. Education is one of the most important components in capacity building. It provides a base for making a person capable of acquiring skills and becoming self-sustainable. Kuznets’s study of American economy (Kuznets, 1955) shows the significant contribution of ‘residual factor’ to economic growth. A study on agriculture of 31 countries shows that four years of elementary education makes a farmer more productive than the farmer who has no education at all. I n another study of 88 countries for the period 1960-63 and 1970-73, it was found that an increase in literacy rates from 20 to 30 per cent contributed to increase in real GDP between eight to sixteen per cent. Personal earning and education have also been found correlated (UNDP, 1992). The significance of an adequately educated and technically trained manpower has been specifically recognized in economic literature since the middle of fifties when research studies in the economics of education and growth, pioneered by endogenous growth models propounded by Solow (1957), Schultz (1961) and Denison (1962). They highlighted the role of the ‘residual factor’, which mainly implied technology, learning, education and health. in contributing to economic growth (OECD, 1963). For many years, the proposition that educational expansion promotes and in some cases even determines the rate of growth of overall Gross National Product (GNP) remained unquestioned. Amazing statistics and numerous studies in the World has revealed that the growth of the nation was not due to the growth of physical capital but that of human capital that was the principal source of economic progress (Denison, 1962). In the classical school of economic doctrine, later economists considered education as an effective tool measure for population control (Malthus, 1966), achieving social justice (Ricardo, 1971) and civilized development of the society (Senior, 1939). Thus in eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century, education considered as a means for bringing about improvement in purchasing power of labour force, economic welfare and social peace (Mill, 1909). In the Neo-Classical school of economic thought, education was considered as a strong source of human capital formation and an effective source to increase the income stream (Fisher, 1929). Tilak (1989) argued that Education not only ensures economic growth with equity but also has positive externalities associated with it, which make the public financing of education imperative. There are some arguments for the complementarity in public and private expenditure on the grounds of equity. The benefits that accrue to the individual in terms of higher earnings are a reason why the individual should pick up a part of the cost. If we look at the state as a supplier of education and the individual as a buyer of it, then investments by both appear to be complementary; and this may be the best model on grounds of equity. Hence, the right balance between public and private expenditures is crucial to the success of any educational policy or programme (Psacharapoulos and Woodhall 1985; Majumdar 1983). Conclusion The above discussion reveals the importance of expenditure on education for the growth of the economy and also noted the growing perception that the greater relevance to the developing countries. But in the current atmosphere of growing scrutiny of the nature of state expenditures, whether education is to be treated as a public or a private good, and whether expenditure on education is to be treated as consumption or investment need to be understood correctly. If it is seen as consumption good, that is, private in nature, then the market mechanism may be regarded as the most effective means of ensuring its adequate supply. On the other hand the state expenditure on education must be reduced to increase investment in other areas of greater importance. However, education not only offers private monetary as well as non-monetary benefits to its consumers but also has externalities associated with it, which confer benefits to society at large, even to those who have not had any education. Therefore the government should take major responsibility in providing education opportunities of its citizens. [1] Smith, Adam (1937): An enquiry in to the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations, (Edwin Cannan eds.), The Modem Library, New York, 1937, P. 423 [2] Wagner, Adolph (1958): Three Extracts on Public Finance in R. A Musgrave and Allen Peacock eds., Classics in the Theory ofpublic Finance, Mcmillan, New York, 1958, PP. 1-16. [3] Peacock, T. Alan and Jack Wiseman (1967): The Growth of Public Expenditure in the Untied Kingdom, Allen and Urwin, London, (llnd Edition) 1967. [4] Bowen, R. Howard (1948): Toward Social Economy, New York, Rinehart (1948) [5] Musgrave, R.A (1938): The Voluntary Exchange Theory of Public Economy. The Quarterly Journal of EconomicsFebruary (1938)53(2):213-237. [6] Dalton, Hugh (1967): Principles of Public Finance, Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, New York, 1967, PP. 5-7 [7] Samuelson, A. Paul (1954): The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure. Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1954, pp. 387-389.